Racial Diversity: Historical Worksheet Essay

Answer the following questions in 100 to 250 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Throughout most of U.S. history, in most locations, what race has been in the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? The majority race has been prodominitly white. Most of the ancestral backround was found to be European. Most people that come from an European backround are clumped together into the category of race under White. Just like everyone that is from Africa is together as â€Å"Black†. There is also a racial trend that id there is even a small percentage of African heritage you are considered to be black. A great example of this is Tiger Woods who is considered to be black when in fact he is only 1/8 Afican history. http://anthro.palomar.edu/ethnicity/ethnic_6.htm What are some of the larger racial minorities in U.S. history? What have been the common ancestral backgrounds of each of these groups? When did each become a significant or notable minority group? Blacks and Hispanics make up a larger percentage of the racial minorities in U.S. history then any other. Blacks have a history in the United States that started in the 16th century when they were brought over as slaves. The majority of todays African American population are decendants of these slaves. Hispanics have been a great part of the United States since 1565 when Saint Augustine was founded by the spanish. It grew after that into New Mexico, and Arizona, and California. The popultion of Hispnics is much greater in the south. In what ways have laws been used to enforce discrimination? Provide examplesBlac

Bmw Films Essay

Where the BMW films a good idea? How successful was the campaign? In my opinion, the BMW films where a great idea at that specific moment in time. The company had no new product launches to promote. Furthermore, budget was available in order to â€Å"experiment† new ideas and innovative advertising and promotion actions. With this pure branding exercise BMW had little to lose (mainly money) and a huge deal to win. The campaign proved to be an incredibly successful one. In order to measure and justify this effectiveness I have chosen to highlight the following reasons: †¢Number of people who watched the BMW films: The films reached a great amount of people (aprox. 9 million viewers) in the early stages of the campaign. Furthermore, BMW had managed to capture the audience they were targeting †¢Feedback from the viewers: The positive feedback received proved to the marketing team that the campaign had been a success. Comments showed enthusiasm and in some cases even led to action. Feedback from the media: BMW achieved to generate the sufficient interest in order to receive praises from media publications that gave the initiative a â€Å"Hollywood movie† status. †¢Press activity: The marketing team was overwhelmed when they saw that the press activity was 10 times higher than expected. †¢Viral Campaign: One of the most unexpected achievements of the campaign was to produce a massive chain reaction amongst the viewers. 94% of viewers recommended the films to others. †¢Increase in sales: After the BMW films campaign, sales in 2001 increased almost 12% from the previous year. In this year BMW surpassed the 200,000 sold units barrier for the first time in North America. What was the motivation behind the idea? Given the opportunity to do pure branding the marketing team aimed at achieving through non-traditional promotion a memorable campaign that would remain in people’s minds for years to come. The motivation behind the campaign was to â€Å"refresh† the BMW brand by attracting the interest of a younger demographic segment and leave behind the traditionally yuppie customers related to the brand in previous years. The fact that the campaign was distributed through the Internet shows the commitment of the company to attract these younger customers. The key concepts that the campaign was trying to communicate were the excitement of driving, the performance of the BMW cars and the excitement related in driving the â€Å"Ultimate Driving Machine†. A key issue for the marketing team was also to explore new possibilities in terms of promotion and to achieve the highest impact possible amongst the target audience. The first mover advantage had been at the core of BMW’s campaigns and the BMW films were to be no exception to that rule. Who was the target market? What was the typical North American BMW customer? Is it the same as its competitor’s typical client? The â€Å"typical† BMW customer was about 46 years old with an average income of $150,000, well educate, married and with no children. Most importantly, 85% of BMW’s potential buyers were on the Internet before buying a BMW. Their customers saw driving as a pleasure and tended to be leaders. They enjoyed being in control. The competition was targeting different types of clients. The Japanese manufacturers such as Honda, Toyota and Nissan for example, were mainly targeting lower income level customers. As for the higher end brands such as Mercedes, Porsche and Jaguar they were targeting older customers with higher income level more focused on luxury and comfort. How healthy is the brand in the US compared to previous years? What are the weaknesses? At this point in time the BMW brand was healthier than ever before in the US market. In this period, out of the people that intended to buy a luxury brand, 16% said they would buy a BMW against 11% that intended to buy a Mercedes. This represented a significant turning point in BMW’s operations in the US. The strongest weakness I perceive in the BMW brand is the fact that it relates to people who are passionate about driving and look for the excitement of being in control of a car. Furthermore, I believe it is people who tend to be willing to maximize the cars attributes in order to experiment the whole experience the car can provide. In this sense, the brand is perishable, as customers tend to look for other attributes such as comfort; reliability and prestige tend to focus on other brands such as Mercedes or Jaguar. What should McDowell do? Which option is the correct one? In the short term I would recommend McDowell to produce a few more short films in order to take advantage of the momentum created by the previous films. However, this strategy would not be sustainable in the long term as the competition would start copying this format and the effectiveness of the campaign would be diluted. What I would suggest in the long term would be to organize events in the major US cities that would reinforce the BMW Films concept but more personalized towards the customers. The idea behind this would be to create a lasting bond between both parties. In order to achieve a good segmentation of customers to attend these special events I would use the www. bmwfils. com web page to select (through the previously provided information by the customers) the ones that perfectly fit the brands criteria and the ones that have the most potential of becoming BMW customers. Assuming that BMW in the short term will have new products to launch and that the advertising budget will still be low in comparison with competitors, I believe that these events would be a perfect follow up to the BMW films campaign and that expectation would be created amongst the specialized media. Furthermore, not only would BMW be innovating in non-traditional advertising and promotion formats but they would also have the capability of specifically targeting potential customers. In this way BMW would continue to expand on the BMW Films idea but in this case the customers will perceive that they are the ones at the wheels of the â€Å"ultimate Driving Machine†.

Marketing Communication Report on EasyJet Essay

Marketing Communication Report on EasyJet - Essay Example Situation Analysis behind the Economic Status of EasyJet Airline Company Established back in 1995, EasyJet Airline Company Limited is a British airline company that operates domestic and international flight services on 387 routes in Europe and North African airports (Sager). As a result of the increase in demand for low-cost flights due to globalization, it becomes a challenged for most of the airline companies to develop strategic ways that will enable them to offer its target passengers a more competitive price on top of outstanding customer service. In line with this, EasyJet offers the public with low-cost flight services by continuously acquiring other airline companies like Go and GB Airways (BBC News a & b). EasyJet’s decision to acquire other airline companies does not only increase the number of routes wherein EasyJet airplanes could take-off and land (BBC News a). Aside from giving EasyJet Airline Company the opportunity to enjoy the benefit of economies of scale, this particular business expansion strategy could also immediately increase EasyJet’s existing customer base by serving some of the loyal customers of its past and currently acquired airline companies. Marketing communication strategies such as advertising plays a crucial role in attracting more customers to patronize the flight services offered by EasyJet. In line with this, EasyJet is more interested on the corporate business travellers as its target customers more than those individuals who are travelling for leisure purposes (EasyJet a; Perrett).

Case Analysis(another one) Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis(another one) - Case Study Example The tables and a chart will compare the price of tickets from 1981 to vision 2023 and its resultant cost of inflation. Table 1 shows the SWOT analysis for Walt Disney Company. The SWOT analysis is used in the case analysis in order to predict the current and future outlook of the Walt Disney Company. The Walt Disney Company is supposed to reduce the cost of their services such as tickets. Also, the creative and innovative ideas are needed in the company. The name of the company is supposed to be associated with a wide range of audience not only children, but also adults. The suggested recommendations will help the Walt Disney Company to reach its target of remaining the leading company worldwide. For example, reduction in the price of tickets and other services will help in attracting a large number of customers. Also, creative and innovative ideas are needed in order to retain their disappearing customers due to the increasing price of the products and services. In addition, the name of the company needs to be associated with not only children, but also attracts. The change in name will help in attracting many customers irrespective of the age. As indicated by the type of analysis, the recommendations play a significant role. The recommendations will help the Walt Disney Company restructure its strategic plans and to reduce the cost of their services and products. In conclusion, the restructuring of the strategic plans and reduction of the cost of their services and products will attract many customers to the Walt Disney Company. As shown in table 3, the strategic plans for the company hold true that the expected price of items will continue to increase unless the strategies are

Case Analysis of Whole Foods Market Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Whole Foods Market - Case Study Example The best alternative solution generates the best Whole Food Market result. Next, the company, Whole Foods Market, sells organic food products. The company started in 1980. The leader of Whole Foods Market is John Mackay. The company has over 300 stores strategically located in 24 North American states and Canada. The company’s expansion included mergers and acquisitions. The company acquired Wild Oats Food in 2005. Further, there are key SWOT issues in the case study. In terms of strengths, the Whole Foods Market sells healthy foods and has over 23 American and Canadian branches. The company does not sell non-organic food products and refuses to reduce avoidable expenses. The company’s opportunities include selling to other niche markets (fast food) and catering to restaurant clients and an increase in the number of organic food competitors. The company must overcome the increasing number of organic food types or alternatives (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Furthermore, Whole Foods Market is beset with a major problem. The major problem is reversing the company’s declining food-related revenues and profits. The increasing influx of competitors and product alternatives precipitated to the decline. The increased mobility of the customers resulted to the customers’ preference for fast food restaurants like McDonald’s (Hartline, 2010). First, Whole Foods Market can open a restaurant section to fill the needs of the customers preferring unhealthy food products. To increase revenues by more than 10 percent per year, the company can set up more stores in other uncharted territories. Third, the company can advertise the company’s products and services to increase the demand for the company’s organic food products by more than 15 percent per year. Fourth, the company can reduce operating expenses to allowable levels to increases profits. Fifth, the company can

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Management - Essay Example The brand has featured some famous personalities for promoting its brand. Coca Cola in Present Coca cola is the world’s largest manufacturer, distributer and marketer of non alcoholic beverages, which has its operation in more than 200 countries. It has introduced new variants to its category such as diet, vanilla and cherry coke. In the year 2002, the company launched new variant c2, which is a low carbohydrate cola, and an energy drink named Full Throttle. The following year, 2003, Coca Cola Company introduced coca cola lime, coca cola zero which was regarded as a low calorie beverage. The company also added a sugar free version of Full Throttle. In the year 2006, the company again introduced new product line which included regular and diet version of Black Cherry Vanilla Coke, energy sodas; Tom Standage, a social historian introduced Coca Cola as among the six beverages which have shaped the world. He was signed as an international symbol of freedom during the cold war in U S. In 2007, the company had acquired Glaceau, which is a beverage company which produces flavored and vitamin water (Giebelhaus, 2008). The company has established a brand that is well renowned globally. Its distribution channel and the product are so huge that it cannot be duplicated. Coca cola has a competitive advantage over its competitors (Sander & Slatter, 2009, p.27). Coca cola has grown to be one of the ubiquitous brands with 1.7 million beverages being sold per day. Recently it had celebrated its 125 years of existence and has developed a recyclable merchandise to be used in grocery stores (The Coca Cola Company, 2011). Evolution of Coca Cola Company The company was started by Dr. John Pemberton who was an Atlanta pharmacist in the year 1886. Coca cola was used as a nerve and brain tonic. The first manufacturing plant was opened in 1884. Coca-Cola was sold to Ernest Woodruff for 25 million dollars. It was woodruff who introduced the first six bottle carton and also made it available in the vending machines in 1929. Promotional tools were used and the first advertisement was made in radio in 1930s following with a commercial advertisement in television in 1950. Currently Coca-Cola is advertised on five hundred TV channels globally. In 1985, Coca Cola Company introduced its diet coke. But the product did not do well in the market thus coke decided to change it to old coke. At present coca Cola is worth more than 58 million dollars. It has been the sponsor of Olympics for the past 65 years (Echeat, 2004). Target market The target market of coca cola is large. It is affordable by any level of income. It is consumed by both males and females. Consumers who drink coca cola are from the different sections from the VIPs to the celebrities to the common people. Coca cola has targeted that section of people who enjoys drinking soft drink and has made it as a part of their lifestyle. Coca cola diet is targeted for people who are older in age (Ma'arif, 2007, p.22 0). The target remains the same. It is targeted to both males and females and of all age groups. Competition positioned Soft drink needs to be carefully positioned with respect to competition as image is important when consumer chose a brand. Competitor of Coca Cola is Pepsi Cola. Both are trying to gain a competitive position in the cola

Philosophy, The Ultimate Knowledge and Wisdom Essay

Philosophy, The Ultimate Knowledge and Wisdom - Essay Example Numerous writers, philosophers, thinkers and the life have attempted to delve into this subject, to gain the wisdom that one yearns for. This essay attempts to highlight the spiritual quest and knowledge provided by Plato and Thoreau, in their books 'Socrates' and 'Walden Pond', respectively. The approaches adopted by both these great thinkers, vary considerably and it is this variation that diversifies one's thinking and contemplation over the different paths chosen, that enriches our reading experience and knowledge, as well. Plato's 'Socrates' does put forth the teachings of the Greek philosopher, in the form of dialogues between him and his pupils. Through this book, he put forth his philosophy that in one's life, man must be virtuous and true to ethics and morals. When faced with duality of circumstance, he must most certainly choose the path that leads to an ethical conclusion. He says that 'Virtue is Knowledge'. One is considered knowledgeable when one knows what is virtuous. If one knows what is virtuous, one would follow the virtuous, which is morally acceptable.

Qatar Airways Management of International competition Term Paper

Qatar Airways Management of International competition - Term Paper Example At the end of the paper, few of the growth strategies have been recommended to Qatar Airways in order to deal with the problem of rising international competition. Hence, the discussion in this paper is expected to provide with a detailed study of the problem of competition that Qatar Airways is facing in the present scenario. The potential risk of competition is the greatest problem that is faced by the managers of both the new businesses and the existing ones (Ethics Resource Center, 2012). Likewise, Qatar Airways is also facing maximum risks of competition in the international airlines market. In the present day, all the international airline companies are providing their passengers with quality services and several facilities during the air journey. Qatar Airways have been rapidly facing the problem of competition on the global context along with the increase of the number of airlines entering into the market. It is however comparatively a newly set up company, which could expand its business services within a fraction of time being formally restructured and re-established in the year 1997. Historical Review of Qatar Airways Qatar Airways Company was formed as a single leased domestic aircraft in November, 1993. But in January, 1994 it started its operations using Boeing 767-200ER from the Kuwait Airways. In the earlier days of its formation, it was totally owned and managed by the members of Royal Family of Qatar and was running as a no frill carrier. In the year 1997, the restructuring of the Airway was carried on and a new panel of management team was placed for the operations of the business. At present, Qatar Airways is partly owned by the government of Qatar and the private investors in the national market (The Qatar Source, 2011). Arguably, it has been with the virtues of its business level and corporate level strategies that within a fraction of time it was able to expand its services in almost all the continents of the world and become one of the m ost preferable airlines services providers in the world. The initial intention to establish Qatar Airways was to serve its Qatar based guests from the Indian subcontinents by providing attractive discounts in the journey in competition with the similar western companies. Later, with the rise in demand for the air journey between the routes, it decided to discard the idea of operating within the nation and implement a newer business model of being a global carrier in the airlines industry (Qatarhandball, 2013). Qatar Airways had a raise of 30% customers after its expansion of business as a global carrier across the world. This airline usually provides with international services from Doha International Airport. Recently, in the year 2012, it was observed that Qatar Airways possesses fleet of Boeing and Airbus since four years. Along with the provision of international services, Qatar Airways is also planning for providing the valuable customers with luxury lounge and a 5 star hotel f acility in the airport where the airways is operating (Destination Travel, 2012). Description and analysis of the problem of international competition by the managers The airlines industry usually operates in the oligopolistic market where the risk of competition always exists between the different companies. As a matter of fact, modern companies struggle hard to exist in such market and maintain their significant

Advances in Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Advances in Strategic Management - Essay Example The paper focuses on the major strategic issues that the company faces and also focuses on the problems that the company faces due to the strategic issues. Based on the previous history of the company and the current position of the company, a detailed analysis has been drawn out based on the various strategic models and theories. This helps in developing possible resolutions for the issues and also permits developing the possible challenges that the company might face due to the issues. The paper on the whole provides a clear and detailed analysis of Tesco Plc. and a thorough discussion of the strategic issues that the company currently faces. The next section will deal with a brief overview of the company and will discuss a little of the history of Tesco and the current position of the company. Tesco capitalized on this demand through a stock market flotation in 1947. This gave the company access to significant amounts of capital, which it used to rapidly buy up rival stores, removing the competition and also giving itself economies of scale to help dominate its market (Kotler and Keller, 2006). This acquisition based growth continued into the 1970s, when Tesco began strategically constructing new stores in an attempt to completely cover the UK. As part of this, Tesco also began to diversify, opening its first petrol station in 1974 and expanding into various non food operations. Founded in 1924, Tesco has indeed come a long way since its first-opened store in Burnt Oak, Edgware. Today, 79 years after it was founded by Sir Jack Cohen, TESCO is Britain’s leading food retailer. By the 1990s, Tesco started to developed new marketing concepts and strategies that gave focus on customer satisfaction. Among of its innovation was the introduction of the loyalty cards in 199 5. Tesco also now operates in 13 countries around the world, indicating that Tesco is willing to expand both its product and geographic range in order to grow sales

Math exploration of Pascals Triangle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Math exploration of Pascals Triangle - Essay Example As a mathematics student and an astronomer, he made immense contributions to the revision of the Chongtian calendar in 1023 while he also served in the Imperial Astronomical Bureau in the middle of the 11th century. However, he is mostly remembered because he devised a method of extracting the solutions of solutions of degrees higher than three extracts. The method is as to the Chia-Hsien triangle which contains binomial coefficients of binomial expressions up to the sixth degree. This triangle is similar to the Pascal’s triangle that was later discovered in Europe. In India, the expansion of binomial expressions was not well researched and studied. However, Brahmagupta in 628 A.D correctly expanded (a + b )3. It was one level higher that what Eucid, a Greek mathematician, did. Although his work may not be the greatest, it found its way to Baghdad after several decades and elicited some curiosity about binomial coefficients amongst mathematicians in the Middle East (Bassarear, pp178-212) Amongst those who used the work of Brahmagupta as a basis of more research in the Middle East is Al-Din Al-Tusi. Al-Din Al-Tusi works were published in 1265 and Al-Kashi whose work titled â€Å"Key of Arithmetic† contained the triangle up to the ninth degree. In Europe, several authors discussed ideas with respect to expansion of binomials and combinatorial problems (Cullinane, pp.145-178). A Spanish mathematician, Rabbi Ben Ezra in 1140 discovered the seventh row of the Pascal’s triangle. Moreover, this was in relation to the question of taking into consideration the sun and the corresponding six planets, which were known at that time in combinations of a single element each period, which is repeated each time. Fibonacci in 122 independently wrote down the solutions of the binomial equation of the third degree although it was known in India and Middle East (Birken & Anne, pp.124-167). Fibonacci was also the first European

The films “Saved Essay Example for Free

The films â€Å"Saved Essay Much ado has been said about religion and how diverse religious practices have been depicted in numerous films. Religion in America reflects no more than simple faith but dwells into the social structure and the meanings of faith in the midst of American culture and society. With film as medium of conveying messages, it is of no shallow signification why this form of art is to be examined in the light of religious portrayal in a number of Hollywood films. This essay shall review the films â€Å"Saved! † (2004), â€Å"Witness†(__), â€Å"The Apostle† (1997), â€Å"Scarlet Letter†(___) and â€Å"Smoke Signals† (1998) in terms of their accuracy and overall attitude towards religious persons and issues. Popular not merely for their cinematic value or production or array of big stars, these movies became controversial for varied social reactions, whether for laudable reason or hyper-critical conviction. â€Å"Witness†: The Struggle for Personal Convictions â€Å"Witness† tells of a modern-day police officer (John Book portrayed by Harrison Ford) who found refuge in the laid back and primitive Amish village in Lancaster County. Wanting to protect a young Amish boy (Samuel, played by Lucas Haas) who witnessed the killing of an undercover policeman in a subway station from the perpetrators, he finds himself immersing in the Amish way of life. He dresses â€Å"plainly†, milks cows, does carpentry, takes the horse-driven buggy, and later falls in love with the child’s mother (Rachel Lapp portrayed by Kelly McGillis). Later he finds out that the killing was brought about by the higher-ups in his department, he was chased and found. Finally, the movie ends with a resolution of the case. The movie was an insight into the remote Amish community focusing on human nature and how it relates to religion. A viewer may see the film on a cultural perspective with the struggle between the Amish-English identity and the multi-cultural facets and differences between the two worlds, with religion and love story only as undertones. However, a closer look would reveal that that so much of religious beliefs and subjects are embedded in the story. The movie opens with a funeral, emphasizing the Amish funeral rites. A person who has not seen the movie nor has any idea of what the movie was about would mistake the movie for a sixteenth century epic. Only later in the subway station scene would the viewer have an idea that the story was set in the 20th century. The juxtaposed modern-dressed passengers to that of the Amish mother and son emphasized the remoteness of the two cultures’ civilization, the Amish seemingly locked in a time space that was the 16th century. The Amish culture and religious practices were clearly identified in the film. Their struggle for â€Å"plainness†, of simple living was progressed in the story. There was the men’s usual trousers and coat with hooks and eyes rather than buttons, the bearded men with shaved upper lips, women dressing the same way with religious caps-these were how the typical Amish looked like. The Amish dressed the same way, believing that dressing the way they do maintains their plainness, the Amish’ guiding principle in their way of life. As the movie progresses, images of horse-driven chariots, the farming activities, the Pennsylvanian German language, the typical Amish houses made of wood with no electricity and television, the barnyards and the corn stocks, the horse-driven farm machines, the water-driven water supply are made evident and persistent in the Amish community. This is how the Amish community looked like and depicted the manner they survived and subsisted while living a wayward life amongst 20th century modernity on its outskirts. The Amish lived a peaceful, contented life in a well-knit community where everyone knew each other and everyone was willing to lend a hand. The religious themes were clearly drawn as well. The gun played an important signification of the Amish-way versus that of the English. To the Amish, the gun was a symbol of immorality. Focus was had in this aspect such that when Samuel sees Book’s gun, Rachel and Eli (Samuel’s grandfather played by Jan Rubes) react in a rather hostile manner: Rachel tells Book that if he should stay he should respect the Amish ways, and Eli renders a heart-to-heart talk with Samuel telling him that â€Å"guns are for the taking of life and outsiders who contend that killing is necessary do not consider the alternatives:† and that by being violent, he â€Å"becomes one of them† referring to the killers in the subway station. Although Book respects their views, he does not necessarily succumb to it. He believed that his gun was necessary to protect himself and others against bad people. The Amish were peaceful people. They do not fall for man’s vices such as hatred and violence. In a scene where an Amish group was being bullied by a group of Englishmen, they were seen unyielding to anger and retaliation, a reaction normal to an English such as Book, an offense he would not let pass. Even jealousy (between Book and another Amish man attracted to Rachel) was not an issue. The film effectively showed the Amish people’s devotion to how they believe God wants them to live their lives. Modern life, as reflected by Book, on the other hand, portrayed loneliness, remoteness and complexity. In a man-eat-man world, Book was a reflection of a typical culture way beyond the Amish ideology. In one frame, one killer policeman was seen washing his hands after killing his victim in the subway bathroom. Relevant to Catholic religion, the washing of the hand signified an attempt to cleanse oneself of sins. This was an irony in the film.

The Development of the Irish Social Policy Essay Example for Free

The Development of the Irish Social Policy Essay Social policies are widely embraced by countries to support their cause for economic development. This is considered vital in the progress of the country because it concerns itself with the interventions that concerns living conditions of the people and other factors that promote human welfare. It is described as public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor† (Webber, 1969). European countries have been instrumental in making necessary social policies that promotes equality and access to opportunities to its people. In fact, it is stated in the Law of the European Union, particularly in the Social Chapter, to promote the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation. As compared to the social policies in the United States and Canada that focuses on morality issues, European social policies take into consideration access to different arrays of factors that affect social conditions: health care, housing, pension and many others. However, social policy itself has experienced much change through the years. This made possible by the different calls of development through generations. Much story can be seen in the evolution of social policy in Ireland. Like any abovementioned causes of social policy, Ireland has also responded on the call of providing human welfare to its population. The development of social policy in Ireland has been much affected by its own development in history. The turn of social policy has been mostly attributed on the shift of Ireland to a Free State and Republic status after major economic downturns in the 1920s. The remnants of the civil war have brought about high unemployment in the country. Maura Adshead mentioned in her book, the Roman Catholic Church was a catalyst in controlling the social policy issues that time. It employed a very conservative approach, mostly focusing on morality issues. At the same time, the Church has control over the provision of social services like schools and hospitals. But much has even changed in Ireland’s social policy from the time it declared to be a republic in 1949 till it sought admission to the European Union community in the 1960s. Much economic restructuring has been focused on the economy. One of the major turns in social policy is the introduction of free secondary education in 1968. As the Irish economy continues to recuperate with the help of investments from the European Union, Ireland then began to embrace more liberal social policies, like legalizing divorce. It has drawn criticism from the dominant Roman Catholic Church. Despite the liberal move to social policies, one of the considered distinct turns of social policy in Ireland was the inclusion of partnerships in the strategy of social policy. As social exclusions has been a pressing problem in the European countries, including Ireland, local partnerships with public, private and community organizations has been strengthened to combat problems of poverty and unemployment. Earlier, the concept of poverty was a financial responsibility of people. Frederick Powell states in his book, The Politics of Social Policy, if a certain population is on the state of poverty, they are branded to be â€Å"socially or economically useless†. But much has changed when the concept of partnerships in social policies has emerged. It has given a multi-dimensional view, on poverty for example. Poverty now is perceived as both subjective and objective. Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong (Townsend, 1979). However, this perception is not only limited to poverty. Social exclusion may also be applied to the lack of access to social services that are vital to the human welfare. During the time that Ireland separated to the United Kingdom, the theme was into survival rather providing the social services that are needed by the people. This is brought about the lack of funds to institute services like health care and insurance. However, the first â€Å"beneficiaries† of the social provisions were the retired or unemployed workers. The Old Age Pension Act of 1908 and the National Insurance Act of 1911 gave minimal amount to social protection, however it all focused only on the monetary aspect of poverty (Stokes, 2009). Progressing on its republic state, Ireland began to explore on other social services like health and maternal care. However, almost of these provisions became ill-fated because of some opposition to the views of the Church. For instance, Keeley Stokes also mentioned in her paper that the Mother and Child Service of 1950 has not been successful in providing free maternal health care for mothers and children of 16 years and above because the Church perceived this as a pathway to abortion and birth control rights. The rest of other social policy provisions have been a reason for political opportunities as well, so the development of these interventions became incremental. Towards the 20th century, when poverty before was believed to be a factor of ineptitude in the part of the people, the Irish social policy has geared itself to be promoting to a holistic and responsible citizenship. Ireland’s inclusion to the European Union made it reflect on understanding the real score of poverty. Institutionalizing the solution of poverty was gone, rather incorporating a broader perspective in solving it was the new strategy. This meant focusing on health care and equal opportunities for all. Poverty was not only mainly monetary, but it involves other different supporting factors. At present, health care is a public entity in Ireland, in which people are entitled to all child health and maternity services for free. The major drawback of the social policy in Ireland is on the issue of equality. Most of the criticisms underlie on the high level of unemployment in Ireland. Income determination has been still a root of inequality. The people with their own interests will still dominate most of the problems of unemployment (O’Donnell, 1997). Nevertheless, under the social partnership structure, Ireland’s social policy must overcome the politics surrounding it so it can better deliver social provisions to its people. Bibliography Adshead, M. , Tonge, J. (2009). Politics in Ireland: Convergence and Divergence in a Two-Polity Island (Comparative Government and Politics). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ODonnell, R. (1993). Ireland and Europe: Challenges for a New Century (Policy research). New York: Economic Social Research Institute. Powell, F. (1992). The Politics of Irish Social Policy 1600-1900. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. Stokes, K. W. , (2009, April 2) A Historical Analysis of Social Policy in Ireland: Punctuated Equilibrium and the Role of Ideas. Retrieved from http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p362730_index. html. Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Webber, M. M. (1969). The social context for transport policy. Washington: U. S. G. P. O.

Reviewing The Concept Analysis Of Hope Nursing Essay

Reviewing The Concept Analysis Of Hope Nursing Essay Hope is a fundamental human reaction which assists the individual to foster his life forward, with confidence. In healthcare, hope has been incorporated into the concept of caring (Mayeroff, 1971, p.43). While providing care the nurse deals with various aspects of human life such as physical, psychological and spiritual. So, it is essential to explore the term hope and its relevance in nursing practice. The different perspectives of hope and its relation in nursing practice will be identified in this assignment. Moreover, its application in nursing care as well as the possible issues which can come across when it is applied will also be discussed in this piece of work. Definitions of hope In the old axiom, where theres a hope, theres a life , illustrates that hope is the inspiring power that assists the people to live in present as well as in future. In every walk of life, the spark of hope will facilitate the person to live with greater satisfaction. The term hope comes from Latin root speare meaning to hope. When it is used as a noun, it is a feeling that what one desires will happen. But in terms of verb it is a belief in fulfillment (Stephenson, 1991). There are different perceptions of hope which can be found by reviewing the literature. Miller and Happel (2006) stated that hope is a state of being characterized by expectation for a continued good state, an improved state, or a release from a perceived entrapment. Therefore, the concept anticipation may or may not be found on concrete, real world evidence however, it is based on future expectation which is good. Moreover, hopefulness aids an individual to have a sense of psychological well being as well as to fin d out the purpose and meaning of their life in order to feel their perception which can be achieved in future. Expecting the wellness in future will help the individual to sustain in their life. This expectation could be changed if one has a flexible perception which in turn helps him to adjust with the situation and promoting the capability by improving confidence and psychological wellness which makes a sense of possibility. Hope is also defined as a process, an adventure, a going forward with confidence (Menninger, 1959).In this concept hope is considered as an active process where it deals with persons enduring feelings, actions and relationship which enhances an individual to look forward with confidence. Stephenson (1991) identified hope as a process of anticipation that involves relationship in thinking, acting, and feeling and directed towards the future fulfillment. In this context, the author states that ones life is purposeful when he achieves what he desired. This can be attained by active thinking and connecting it to the feelings. Furthermore, by evaluating the concept of hope, there can be four characteristics evolved, primarily life is valued once the individual gives importance to hope, secondly the hope includes various processes like thoughts, emotions, attitudes and its relationship within the individual. Since hope is future focused the third and fourth attributes consist of present and past experiences of the individual, which also can assist him to expect positive outcome. Farran et al. (1995) concluded the main four components of hope as: The hope is an experimental process of accepting human trials as a part of being human, while allowing imaginative possibilities to occur. Secondly, it is a spiritual /transcends process related with ones faith. Moreover, hoping is a rational thought process based on ones condition linked with reality and needed resources (physical, emotional and social).Finally, it is also considered as a relational p rocess in that hope occur between persons and is influenced by others hope, presence, communications and strength. From the above point of view, when a person confronts tough periods in his life, he can expect something which can bring change in that period. In another view, the hope has a union with faith. During crisis situation, spirituality support a person something to expect good to happen and also strengthen him to be optimistic in his life. Besides, a balanced thinking process brings the perception of hope to the reality. In addition, hope is also a relational process. For instance, if a terminally ill individual shows hopeful thoughts, that will encourage him and also others to cope up with that situation. The concept of hope is also related to endurance, uncertainty, suffering and acceptance (Morse and Penrod, 1999). Therefore, hope is multidimensional with different perspectives like feeling good, confident, spiritual that can comfort the person during threatening situati ons of his present life and encourage him to believe in future expectations. Relevance of hope in nursing practice Hope and caring are interrelated with each other and are considered as an inevitable part in health care practices since hope aids in providing optimal care to the patient. The Pioneer of nursing, Florence Nightingale who walked with the lamp in dark corridors and spread hope and light to the patient explains obviously that the nurse also can bring light as well as hope to the patients life (Hammer e t al.1998). Thus, hope plays its own role in nursing practice. Fostering hope is one of the aspects of the professional nurses role (Roberts, 1978, p.28). It states that the nurse and hope have union in providing nursing care. According to Hammer et al. (2009) hope can be instilled through encouragement and caregivers positive attitude, confidence and confirmative relationship. A good and positive approach of a care giver can elicit the pain and suffering of patient with incurable disease. A meaningful interpersonal relationship enables the nurse to explore more about patients level of u nderstanding and hope in their disease condition. This will further help in giving care to the patient. The feeling of hopefulness can be felt when a nurse or caregiver dispose an appropriate atmosphere (Travelbee, 1997, p.47). According to the above statement, a suitable environment can be provided through effective communication which inspires the patient and his relatives to answer their problem, especially in palliative care (Twcross, 2003, p. 17). In rehabilitation set up, a nurse who cares the patient set a realistic goal with the cooperation of the patient. This will be helpful in restoring and maintaining hope. Setting goal is an integral part of caring for patient with an incurable disease. According to McCann (2002) in a geriatric care, a nurse who spares time to listen to the patient, their explanation, politeness and helping attitudes like just being there, expressing honesty and respect towards patient can bring a positive outcome. It means patient need to feel trust, c onnections and closeness with others. Nurses can achieve this by showing concern towards their patients. Hope also adds quality to life of older people and brings the patient out with a fighting spirit. In addition hope is a fuel that can accelerate the healing process (Visintainer and Seligman, 1983). Nurses have to primarily find out the significance of hope while handling chronically and terminally ill people. Nurses role is not only limited to provide care during illness but also to ensure the well being of the patient. Davison and Simpson (2006) concluded that there may arise certain obstacles in the application of hope in nursing. They include information (more, lack, early), fear, caring a child, caring terminally ill and psychiatric patient, lack of professional and administrative force can hinder a nurse to apply concept of hope in nursing practice. First of all, knowledge about the disease process withdraws a patient to cooperate with the treatment. For example, the termin ally ill patient may hesitate to take medication because they do not have hope in their life. Secondly, the nurse who lacks the knowledge about the treatment and disease process will not be able to inspire hope to the patient. According to Miller (2007) the medical conditions such as pain, uncontrollable symptoms, and social isolation cannot allow a nurse to give hope to the patient. During this suffering even though nurse provide pain medications or other comfort measures to alleviate discomfort of the patient with incurable illness, nurses cannot be able to inspire hope. This will be another barrier. Furthermore, the patient with psychiatric illness and unrealistic hope is other area of concern. It will be a challenging task for a nurse when those people are taken for futile therapies which increase a persons suffering (Taylor, 1989, p.26). Moreover, nurses may feel difficulty when the patient is a dying child (Miller, 2007). The lack of sufficient staffing can be another reason w here the nurse will not be able to attend to all aspect of care of the patient. So, it is important for a nurse to understand significance of this concept and barrier in the provision of care delivery. Conclusion To sum up, the concept of hope has been analysed through common definitions and its characteristics in this assignment. In addition, its significance in nursing practice as well as the possible barriers which can hinder its application in nursing care has been identified in this piece of work. It is evident from the above analysis that hope plays an important role in lives of human being insurmountable obstacles. Knowing the concept hope will be valuable in enhancing the professional capacity of nurses to engage with an individual for whom hope is considered as fragile and recovery is impossible. Besides it also helps a nurse to deliver complete nursing care to the patient. Word count:1550

Literary Essay on “in the Kitchen” by Henry Louis Gates, “Am I Blue” by

The meaning of segregation is a disliking matter, all African Americans wanted was equal rights, no harm against them, and to be seen as one. Yet, the African race had to endure on changing their appearance, being compared to animals, and having to alter public space just to try and fit in with the white community. Hearing stories of those such as Henry Louis Gates and Brent Staples shows us how history can repeat slightly from the past. Indeed, African Americans would try and transform their hair, going from kinky to strait. In Henry Louis Gates, an American Literary critic, short story â€Å"In the Kitchen† (1994), informs the reader the politics of â€Å"good hair which is straight and bad hair which is kinky (314),† The title â€Å"In the Kitchen† is ambiguous meaning it has a double meaning. One meaning it is being in a three dimensional room, and the other meaning doing hair. Gates uses process analysis to give reader a vivid picture on how the African Americans endure on the difficult process of straightening their kinks, just to fit in with the white society. Given details on how African Americans would change their appearance just to try fit in with the white culture. According to Alice walker, she gives examples on how no matter what African Americans do to change their appearance as far as hair, African Americans will still be compared and objectified to animals. Laster 2 Additionally, In Alice Walker, an American Author, short story â€Å"Am I Blue† she persuades the reader to be sympathetic to animals and to show how similar animals and humans are. Alice Walker also gives examples on how sl... ... In conclusion, segregation is how separation was between groups of race is a dreadful situation. African Americans wanted no harm, they wanted be able to share the same places such as restrooms. The black community tried to change the way they looked, sound, or objectify to animals. African Americans are being seen as a negative light, because of the skin color, hair, and where we come from. Works Cited "In the Kitchen" Analysis"  StudyMode.com. 11 2010. 2010. 11 2010 . Walker, Alice. Am I Blue? Clouse, Barbara Fine. Patterns of a Purpose 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2011. Print Staples, Brent. Just Walk on By: A Black Man Ponders his power to Alter Public Space. Clouse, Barbara Fine. Patterns of a Purpose 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2011. Print

Motivation: Reward System and the Role of Compensation :: Papers Management Business Essays

Motivation: Reward System and the Role of Compensation The design and management of reward systems present the general manager with one of the most difficult HRM tasks. This HRM policy area contains the greatest contradictions between the promise of theory and the reality of implementation. Consequently, organizations sometimes go through cycles of innovation and hope as reward systems are developed, followed by disillusionment as these reward systems fail to deliver. Rewards and employee satisfaction Gaining an employee's satisfaction with the rewards given is not a simple matter. Rather, it is a function of several factors that organizations must learn to manage: 1. The individual's satisfaction with rewards is, in part, related to what is expected and how much is received. Feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction arise when individuals compare their input - job skills, education, effort, and performance - to output - the mix of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards they receive. 2. Employee satisfaction is also affected by comparisons with other people in similar jobs and organizations. In effect, employees compare their own input/output ratio with that of others. People vary considerably in how they weigh various inputs in that comparison. They tend to weigh their strong points more heavily, such as certain skills or a recent incident of effective performance. Individuals also tend to overrate their own performance compared with the rating they receive from their supervisors. The problem of unrealistic self-rating exists partly because supervisors in most organizations do not communicate a candid evaluation of their subordinates' performance to them. Such candid communication to subordinates, unless done skillfully, seriously risks damaging their self-esteem. The bigger dilemma, however, is that failure by managers to communicate a candid appraisal of performance makes it difficult for employees to develop a realistic view of their own performance, thus increasing the possibility of dissatisfaction with the pay they are receiving. 3. Employees often misperceive the rewards of others; their misperception can cause the employees to become dissatisfied. Evidence shows that individuals tend to overestimate the pay of fellow workers